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When adhering to this principle, derived classes should be substitutable for their base classes without altering the correctness of the program.

The Open-Closed Principle (OCP) is used to achieve an extensible design for maintaining modules or classes. The principle itself applies to both classes and modules.

Use when you estimate the class can be reused in many places and has the potential for extension.

The different between ??, ||, !!, ??=, &&= ...

An immutable value is a variable's value that cannot be changed without creating an entirely new value.